Macam-macam kepribadian abnormal & Abnormal Psychology

1) PSIKOPAT
Disebut juga sosiopat, adalah kelainan perilaku yang berbentuk antisosial yaitu yang tidak mempedulikan norma – norma sosial .
2) KELAINAN SEXUAL
Ada 2 macam kelainan tingkah laku sexual yaitu :
A. Kelainan pada obyek
Cara seseorang memuaskan dorongan sexualnya normal, tetapi obyek yang dijadikan sasaran pemuasan lain dari biasanya
Homosex : Ketertarikan melakukan hubungan seks dengan sesama jenis ( pria )
Lesbian : Ketertarikan melakukan hubungan seks dengan sesama jenis ( wanita )
Pedofilia : Obyek pemuasan seksual adalah pada anak yang belum akil baligh
Fetisisme : Obyek pemuasan seksual adalah dengan benda mati seperti pakaian dalam, rambut.
Nekrofilia : Obyek pemuasan seksual adalah dengan mayat
Bestiality : Obyek pemuasan seksual adalah dengan binatang
Gerontoseksualitas : Obyek pemuasan seksual adalah dengan seseorang yang berusia lanjut
Incest : Obyek pemuasan seksual dengan sesama anggota keluarga yang tidak diperbolehkan melakukan pernikahan


- Kelainan pada cara
Obyek pemuasan seksual tetap lawan jenis, tetapi dengan cara yang tidak biasa, contoh :
Ekshibisionis : Cara pemuasan seksual dengan memperlihatkan genetalianya kepada orang lain yang tidak dikenalnya
Voyeuris :Cara pemuasan seksual dengan melihat/ mengintip orang telanjang
Sadisme : Cara pemuasan seksual dengan menyakiti secara fisik dan psikologis obyek seksualnya
Masokisme : Cara pemuasan seksual dengan menyiksa diri sendiri
Frottage : Cara pemuasan seksual dengan meraba orang yang disenangi tanpa diketahui oleh korbannya
PSIKONEUROSIS
Kumpulan reaksi psikis dengan ciri spesifik kecemasan dan diekspresikan secara tidak sadar dengan menggunakan mekanisme pertahanan diri, contoh :
Fugue : Bentuk gangguan mental disertai keinginan kuat untuk mengembara atau meninggalkan rumah karena amnesia
Somnabulisme : Keadaan tidur sambil berjalan dan melakukan suatu perbuatan
Multiple personality : Kepribadian ganda
Fobia : Ketakutan yang tiada sebab, irasional dan tidak logis walaupun sebenarnya tidak ada alasan untuk takut
Obsesi : Ide kuat yang bersifat terus menerus melekat dalam pikiran dan tidak mau hilang serta sering irasional
Histeria : Gangguan mental yang ditandai dengan perilaku yang cenderung dramatis, emosional dan reaksi berlebihan
Hipokondria : Kondisi kecemasan yang kronis, pasien selalu merasakan ketakutan yang patologis tentang kesehatan sendiri
PSIKOSIS
Disebut dengan kelainan kepribadian yang besar (Psychosis Mayor) karena seluruh kepribadian orang yang bersangkutan terkena dan orang tersebut tidak dapat lagi hidup dan bergaul normal dengan orang di sekitarnya

-Jenis – jenis Psikosis
a. Psikosis Fungsional
☻Skizophrenia
 Terjadi perpecahan kepribadian, antara pikiran, perasaan dan perbuatan berjalan sendiri – sendiri
 Contoh : Seseorang bercerita tentang anaknya yang meninggal terlindas kereta api (pikiran) sambil tertawa (perasaan) dan menari – nari (perbuatan)
☻Paranoid
 Sering merasa cemburu, curiga, dendam, iri hati kepada orang lain yang sifatnya irasional
☻Psikosis manis – depresif
 Gangguan mental serius yang ditandai dengan perubahan emosi seperti menjadi sangat gembira dan tidak lama kemudian menjadi sangat sedih
b. Psikosis Organik
 Faktor penyebabnya adalah kelainan pada tubuh atau fungsi anggota tubuh.
 Contoh: karena usia tua terjadi penyempitan pembuluh darah sehingga menyebabkan individu tersebut sering marah.

Perspectives in Abnormal Psychology

There are a number of different perspectives used in abnormal psychology. While some psychologists or psychiatrists may focus on a single perspectives, many mental health professionals use elements from multiple areas in order to better understand and treat psychological disorders.

• Behavioral: The behavioral approach to abnormal psychology focuses on observable behaviors. In behavioral therapy, the focus is on reinforcing positive behaviors and not reinforcing maladaptive behaviors. This approach targets only the behavior itself, not the underlying causes.


• Medical: The medical approach to abnormal psychology focuses on the biological causes on mental illness. This perspective emphasizes understanding the underlying cause of disorders, which might include genetic inheritance, related physical disorders, infections and chemical imbalances. Medical treatments are often pharmacological in nature, although medication is often used in conjunction with some other type of psychotherapy.


• Cognitive: The cognitive approach to abnormal psychology focuses on how internal thoughts, perceptions and reasoning contribute to psychological disorders. Cognitive treatments typically focus on helping the individual change his or her thoughts or reactions. Cognitive therapy might also be used in conjunction with behavioral methods in a technique known as cognitive behavioral therapy.

Types of Psychological Disorders

Psychological disorders are defined as patterns of behavioral or psychological symptoms that impact multiple areas of life. These mental disorders create distress for the person experiencing these symptoms. How are these disorders categorized and defined? TheDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is published by the American Psychiatric Association and is used by mental health professionals for a variety of purposes. The manual contains a listing of psychiatric disorders, diagnostic codes, information on the prevalence of each disorder and diagnostic criteria.

Categories of psychological disorders include:

• Adjustment Disorders
• Mood Disorders
• Anxiety Disorders
• Developmental Disorders
• Cognitive Disorders

Learn more about the different psychological disorders that are studied and treated within the field of abnormal psychology in this list of psychological disorders.

Psychological disorders, also known as mental disorders, are patterns of behavioral or psychological symptoms that impact multiple areas of life. These disorders create distress for the person experiencing these symptoms. The following list of psychological disorders includes some of the major categories of psychological disorders listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as well as several examples of each type of psychological disorder.

Adjustment Disorders

This classification of mental disorders is related to an identifiable source of stress that causes significant emotional and behavioral symptoms. The diagnostic criteria listed by the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria included:

• (1) Distress that is marked and excessive for what would be expected from the stressor and
• (2) Creates significant impairment in school, work or social environments.

In addition to these requirements, the symptoms must occur within three months of exposure to the stressor, the symptoms must not meet the criteria for an Axis I or Axis II disorder, the symptoms must not be related to bereavement and the symptoms must not last for longer than six months after exposure to the stressor.

The DSM-V (released in May of 2013) moved adjustment disorder to a newly created section of stress-related syndromes.

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Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety disorders are those that are characterized by excessive and abnormal fear, worry and anxiety. In one recent survey published in the Archives of General Psychology1, it was estimated that as many as 18% of American adults suffer from at least one anxiety disorder.

Types of anxiety disorders include:

• Generalized anxiety disorder
• Agoraphobia
• Social anxiety disorder
• Phobias
• Panic disorder
• Post-traumatic stress disorder
• Separation anxiety

Dissociative Disorders

Dissociative disorders are psychological disorders that involve a dissociation or interruption in aspects of consciousness, including identity and memory. Dissociative disorders include:

• Dissociative disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder
• Dissociative fugue
• Dissociative identity disorder
• Depersonalization/derealization disorder

Eating Disorders

Eating disorders are characterized by obsessive concerns with weight and disruptive eating patterns that negatively impact physical and mental health. Types of eating disorders include:

• Anorexia nervosa
• Bulimia nervosa
• Rumination disorder

Factitious Disorders

These psychological disorders are those in which an individual acts as if he or she has an illness, often be deliberately faking or exaggerating symptoms or even self-inflicting damage to the body. Types of factitious disorders include:

• Munchausen syndrome
• Munchausen syndrome by proxy
• Ganser syndrome

Impulse-Control Disorders

Impulse-control disorders are those that involve an inability to control impulses, resulting in harm to oneself or others. Types of impulse-control disorders include:

• Kleptomania (stealing)
• Pyromania (fire-starting)
• Trichotillomania (hair-pulling)
• Pathological gambling
• Intermittent explosive disorder
• Dermatillomania (skin-picking)

Mental Disorders Due to a General Medical Condition

This type of psychological disorder is caused by an underlying medical condition. Medical conditions can cause psychological symptoms such as catatonia and personality changes. Examples of mental disorders due to a general medical condition include:

• Psychotic disorder due to epilepsy
• Depression caused by diabetes
• AIDS related psychosis
• Personality changes due to brain damage

Neurocognitive Disorders

These psychological disorders are those that involve cognitive abilities such as memory, problem solving and perception. Some anxiety disorder, mood disorders and psychotic disorders are classified as cognitive disorders. Types of cognitive disorders include:

• Alzheimer's disease
• Delirium
• Dementia
• Amnesia

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Mood Disorders

Mood disorder is a term given to a group of mental disorders that are all characterized by changes in mood. Examples of mood disorders include:

• Bipolar disorder
• Major depressive disorder
• Cyclothymic disorder

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Developmental disorders, also referred to as childhood disorders, are those that are typically diagnosed during infancy, childhood, or adolescence. These psychological disorders include:

• Intellectual Disability (or Intellectual Developmental Disorder), formerly referred to as mental retardation
• Learning disabilities
• Communication disorders
• Autism
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
• Conduct disorder
• Oppositional defiant disorder

Personality Disorders

Personality disorders create a maladaptive pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that can cause serious detriments to relationships and other life areas. Types of personality disorders include:

• Antisocial personality disorder
• Avoidant personality disorder
• Borderline personality disorder
• Dependent personality disorder
• Histrionic personality disorder
• Narcissistic personality disorder
• Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
• Paranoid personality disorder
• Schizoid personality disorder
• Schizotypal personality disorder

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Psychotic Disorders

Psychotic disorders are those that involve a loss of contact with reality. People experiencing psychotic disorders may experience hallucinations and often display disorganized thinking. Delusional beliefs are another common characteristic of this class of psychological disorders. Types of psychotic disorders include:

• Schizophrenia
• Delusional disorder

Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders

Sexual disorders are those that impact sexual functioning, while gender identity disorders are those that involve a discontentment with the biological sex a person was born with. Examples of sexual disorders:

• Erectile dysfunction
• Sexual pain disorders
• Paraphilias

Sleep Disorders

Sleep disorders involve an interruption in sleep patterns. These disorders can have a negative impact on both physical and mental health. Examples of sleep disorders include:

• Narcolepsy
• Sleep terror disorder
• Sleepwalking disorder
• Primary insomnia

Somatoform Disorders

Somatoform disorder is a class of psychological disorder that involves physical symptoms that do not have a physical cause. These symptoms usually mimic real diseases or injuries. It is important to note somatoform disorders differ from factitious disorders; people suffering from somatoform disorders are not faking their symptoms.

• Conversion disorder
• Somatization disorder
• Hypochondriasis
• Body dysmorphic disorder
• Pain disorder

Substance Related Disorders

Substance-related disorders are those that involve the use and abuse of different substance, such as cocaine, methamphetamine, opiates and alcohol. These disorders can include dependence, abuse, psychosis, anxiety, intoxication, delirium and withdrawal that results from the use of various substances. Examples of substance-related psychological disorders include:

• Alcohol abuse
• Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder
• Cocaine withdrawal
• Inhalant abuse

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